Organs For Human Transplant Grown In Sheep and Pigs

© Naomi Tajitsu / Reuters

Organs which could be used for human transplants are being grown in farm animals for the first time in an attempt to solve the global shortage of donors and push the boundaries of medical science, it has been revealed.

Some 50 sheep and pigs have been implanted with the embryos of human/animal ‘chimera’. Scientists hope the genetically-modified beasts will grow human organs suitable for transplant.

While the experimental science has not yet taken place in the UK, the government’s animal research advisers are expected to give the technique the thumbs up when they publish legal guidelines on the practice this week.

However, animal rights groups have called the methods ‘Frankenscience’, arguing it is cruel to create genetically-modified animals.

National Health Service (NHS) figures show 429 people died in 2014 while waiting for an organ transplant in Britain. Animal-grown organs could radically reduce this number.

Twenty farm animals in the US and roughly 30 more worldwide have been impregnated with the chimera embryos, the MIT Technology Review estimates. In the US, the livestock have been impregnated at university research labs.

In order to create the chimeras, scientists first remove the genes for a specific organ from an animal embryo. They then replace these with human stem cells. The modified embryo is then placed in the womb of a sheep or pig, where it grows containing a human organ.

As yet, none of these chimeras have been born. Scientists predict it may be several years before their safety for use in humans is tested.

Assistant professor of animal science at the University of California, Pablo Ross, said they are currently only allowed to grow the embryos in female pigs for two weeks.

Bruce Whitelaw, a professor at the University of Edinburgh, expressed an interest in the project coming to British universities.

“It is scientifically fascinating and of potential commercial interest, and offers much for healthy, productive social debate,” he said.

However, Julia Baines from animal protection society PETA UK called the creation of such hybrids “Frankenscience.”

“Creating human-animal hybrids is bad for people and worse for animals. To create animals containing human material, animal mothers undergo invasive procedures to harvest their eggs and implant embryos. These animals have exactly the same capacity to feel pain and suffer as any other animal, including humans,” Baines said.

Originally published in RT USA 

Artificial Smartphone ‘Pancreas’ Automatically Controls Type 1 Diabetes

© Medicine Virginia / YouTube

An artificial pancreas may soon be as close as your smartphone, as researches prepare to begin final clinical tests for a device that would ease the burden of type 1 diabetes.

The device one can automatically measure sugar levels and support insulin delivery.

After 183,708 hours of clinical trials since 2008 and 20 years of research, the University of Virginia School of Medicine is bringing its brainchild to nine locations across the US and Europe to try it on 240 patients.

The device’s name, “InControl,” means exactly that: it can control everything people with diabetes need and – at least currently – have to do manually.

A typical diabetes routine requires people to remember to check their blood-glucose levels several times a day, and manually inject insulin.

This smartphone-based “artificial pancreas” will automatically control sugar levels every five minutes and report results to the app. It will analyze the data and if, needed, adjust insulin levels via a small, wearable insulin pump. The app’s algorithm is linked wirelessly to both the blood-sugar monitor and the pump, as well as a remote-monitoring site.

"It runs on a five-minute cycle and takes information from these devices and calculates the next best option for the patient pretty much any point in time,” said Chad Rogers, the CEO of TypeZero Technologies, which has licensed and refined the technology.

The whole system is also very discreet. The monitor is as tiny as a flash drive and can be worn anywhere on the body. The pump, equipped with a needle as thin as a bee-stinger, can be hooked anywhere on an individual’s clothes and will deliver insulin to the patient’s blood stream when necessary.

“If it’s working, you don’t know that it’s there,” Francis Doyle III, dean of Harvard’s Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, told ArsTechnica.

The final clinical tests of InControl are expected to start early this year.

“To be ultimately successful as an optimal treatment for diabetes, the artificial pancreas needs to prove its safety and efficacy in long-term pivotal trials in the patient’s natural environment,” Dr. Boris Kovatchev, PhD, who leads the research, said. “Our foremost goal is to establish a new diabetes treatment paradigm: the artificial pancreas is not a single-function device; it is an adaptable, wearable network surrounding the patient in a digital treatment ecosystem.”

The trial process will consist of two phases. The first six-month part will focus on safety and effectiveness of the artificial pancreas. The 240 patients will use the device and app in their daily routines, comparing the artificial pancreas with a standard insulin pump.

The second phase, also half-a-year long, will involve 180 of the 240 patients, who will test the Harvard University-developed algorithm. This will help researchers see if it needs to be perfected.

However, interested diabetics shouldn’t hold their breath just yet. The researchers hope to have the trials complete in four years, according to ARS.

Originally published in RT USA