Researcher
Ethan Jackson places the Project Premonition mosquito trap in the wild in this
handout photo obtained by Reuters June 30, 2017. Microsoft/Handout via REUTERS
|
American technology companies are bringing
automation and robotics to the age-old task of battling mosquitoes in a bid to
halt the spread of Zika and other mosquito-borne maladies worldwide.
Firms including Microsoft Corp and California
life sciences company Verily are forming partnerships with public health
officials in several U.S. states to test new high-tech tools.
In Texas, Microsoft is testing a smart trap to
isolate and capture Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, known Zika carriers, for study by
entomologists to give them a jump on predicting outbreaks.
Verily, Alphabet's life sciences division based
in Mountain View, California, is speeding the process for creating sterile male
mosquitoes to mate with females in the wild, offering a form of birth control
for the species.
While it may take years for these advances to
become widely available, public health experts say new players brings fresh
thinking to vector control, which still relies heavily on traditional defenses
such as larvicides and insecticides. "It's exciting when technology
companies come on board," said Anandasankar Ray, an associate professor of
entomology at the University of California, Riverside. "Their approach to
a biological challenge is to engineer a solution."
Smart Traps
The Zika epidemic that emerged in Brazil in 2015
and left thousands of babies suffering from birth defects has added urgency to
the effort.
While cases there have slowed markedly,
mosquitoes capable of carrying the virus - Aedes
aegypti and Aedes albopictus -
are spreading in the Americas, including large swaths of the southern United
States.
The vast majority of the 5,365 Zika cases
reported in the United States so far are from travelers who contracted the
virus elsewhere. Still, two states – Texas and Florida – have recorded cases
transmitted by local mosquitoes, making them prime testing grounds for new
technology.
In Texas, 10 mosquito traps made by Microsoft are
operating in Harris County, which includes the city of Houston.
Roughly the size of large birdhouses, the devices
use robotics, infrared sensors, machine learning and cloud computing to help
health officials keep tabs on potential disease carriers.
Texas recorded six cases of local mosquito
transmission of Zika in November and December of last year. Experts believe the
actual number is likely higher because most infected people do not develop
symptoms.
Pregnant women are at high risk because they can
pass the virus to their fetuses, resulting in a variety of birth defects. Those
include microcephaly, a condition in which infants are born with undersized
skulls and brains. The World Health Organization declared Zika a global health
emergency in February 2016.
Researcher
Ethan Jackson examines the Project Premonition mosquito trap in this handout
photo obtained by Reuters June 30, 2017. Microsoft/Handout via REUTERS
|
Most conventional mosquito traps capture all
comers - moths, flies, other mosquito varieties - leaving a pile of specimens
for entomologists to sort through. The Microsoft machines differentiate insects
by measuring a feature unique to each species: the shadows cast by their
beating wings. When a trap detects an Aedes
aegypti in one of its 64 chambers, the door slams shut.
The machine "makes a decision about whether
to trap it," said Ethan Jackson, a Microsoft engineer who is developing
the device.
The Houston tests, begun last summer, showed the
traps could detect Aedes aegypti and
other medically important mosquitoes with 85% accuracy, Jackson said.
The machines also record shadows made by other
insects as well as environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.
The data can be used to build models to predict where and when mosquitoes are
active.
Mustapha Debboun, director of Harris
County’s mosquito and vector control division, said the traps save time and
give researchers more insight into mosquito behavior. "For science and
research, this is a dream come true," he said.
The traps are prototypes now. But Microsoft's
Jackson said the company eventually hopes to sell them for a few hundred
dollars each, roughly the price of conventional traps. The goal is to spur wide
adoption, particularly in developing countries, to detect potential epidemics
before they start.
"What we hope is (the traps) will allow us
to bring more precision to public health," Jackson said.
Sorting Mosquitoes with Robots
Other companies, meanwhile, are developing
technology to shrink mosquito populations by rendering male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes sterile. When
these sterile males mate with females in the wild, their eggs don't hatch.
Microsoft Researcher Ethan Jackson works on the AI technology that the drives Project Premonition mosquito trap in this handout photo obtained by Reuters June 30, 2017. Microsoft/Handout via REUTERS |
The strategy offers an alternative to chemical
pesticides. But it requires the release of millions of laboratory-bred
mosquitoes into the outdoors. Males don't bite, which has made this an easier
sell to places now hosting tests.
Oxitec, an Oxford, England-based division of
Germantown, Maryland-based Intrexon Corp, is creating male mosquitoes
genetically modified to be sterile. It has already deployed them in Brazil, and
is seeking regulatory approval for tests in Florida and Texas.
MosquitoMate Inc, a startup formed by researchers
at the University of Kentucky, is using a naturally occurring bacterium called
Wolbachia to render male mosquitoes sterile.
One of the biggest challenges is sorting the
sexes.
At MosquitoMate's labs in Lexington, immature
mosquitoes are forced through a sieve-like mechanism that separates the smaller
males from the females. These mosquitoes are then hand sorted to weed out any
stray females that slip through.
"That's basically done using eyeballs,"
said Stephen Dobson, MosquitoMate's chief executive.
Enter Verily. The company is automating mosquito
sorting with robots to make it faster and more affordable. Company officials
declined to be interviewed. But on its website, Verily says it's combining
sensors, algorithms and "novel engineering" to speed the process.
Verily and MosquitoMate have teamed up to test
their technology in Fresno, California, where Aedes aegypti arrived in 2013.
Researcher
Ethan Jackson makes adjustments to the prototype mosquito trap in the labs at
Microsoft, in this handout photo obtained by Reuters June 30, 2017.
Microsoft/Handout via REUTERS
|
Officials worry that residents who contract Zika
elsewhere could spread it in Fresno if they're bitten by local mosquitoes that
could pass the virus to others.
“That is very much of a concern because it is the
primary vector for diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and obviously Zika,”
said Steve Mulligan, manager of the Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District in
Fresno County.
Originally published on REUTERS